Developing a Social Science for Population-assignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theDeveloping a Social Science Perspective for Population. Answer: Presentation The subject of this insightful paper is emotional well-being and self destruction with a particular spotlight on the Australian populace. In light of ongoing reports and experimental proof, there is a high frequency of psychological sicknesses and self destruction in Australia. About 45.5% of the whole populace has encountered a psychological issue at a specific time in the course of their life. During the hour of the investigation, it was discovered that around 20.0% of Australians matured somewhere in the range of 16 and 85 years encountered a psychological issue over the most recent a year (Slade et al., 2009). The most well-known mental issue in Australia are state of mind issue, tension and substance use issue. While ladies have high odds of encountering uneasiness issue, men have high odds of encountering substance use issue. So also, the study of disease transmission of self destruction is stressing. In 2014, self destruction was the main source of mortality in men matured somewhere in the range of 25 and 44 years and ladies matured somewhere in the range of 25 and 34 years (Kinchin Doran, 2017). When contrasted with young ladies, youngsters have higher odds of ending their lives. In spite of the fact that the occurrence of self destruction is declining continuously, it stays a worry for youthful Australians, guardians, wellbeing experts and policymakers. The high commonness of self destruction is likewise influencing the activity advertise. In 2014, around 903 specialists ended it all, and 2303 others hurt themselves prompting full debilitation (Kinchin Doran, 2017). Mental and self destruction is a significant point since it prompts noteworthy financial misfortune and will in general influence a few sections of the populace in the network. The monetary expense of self destruction is evaluated to be $6.73. This worth intimates that the economy is harmed by self destruction considerably. The immediate expense of rewarding and thinking about people determined to have emotional well-being is high. The national spending on psychological wellness is high. For example, in 2010-2011, the national use on emotional well-being was up by 178% or $4.2 billion (Slade et. al., 2009). The state and domain governments spend a lot higher on psychological well-being than the Australian government. A thought of the social socioeconomics demonstrates that the pace of self destruction is higher among the individuals who are destitute, resigned and jobless contrasted with the others in the populace. Destitute people are probably going to report substance use issue and crazy sickness (Slade et al., 2009). The individuals who are jobless or resigned will in general experience mental pressure. This investigation demonstrates that psychological well-being and self destruction is a significant subject with regards to Australia. Building an inquiry For what reason do a few Australians experience a high occurrence of psychological maladjustments and self destruction? The study of disease transmission of psychological maladjustments and self destruction shows that a few portions of the populace are more powerless than others. The paper especially tries to explore the elements that bring about this difference. Writing survey A huge writing presents different perspectives to answer the issue under investigation in this paper. Markwick et al. (2014) did an examination to decide the determinants of wellbeing for Indigenous grown-ups in the territory of Victoria in contrast with non-indigenous partners. They found a high predominance of emotional wellness ailments, for example, tension and wretchedness. The event of dysfunctional behaviors in this populace was ascribed to psychosocial dangers, for example, money related pressure and food weakness. In addition, lower financial status (SES) like being jobless and low pay was found to assume a major job in the event of melancholy and tension. Poor lodging reasonableness has likewise been found to cause psychological wellness. One ongoing examination sought after the theory that lodging reasonableness stress (HAS) is connected to poor psychological well-being. The creators found that introduction to HAS caused a decrease in psychological wellness scores. In this investigation, men were seen as more influenced intellectually by introduction to HAS than ladies (Bentley, Baker Mason, 2012). Kim and Knesebeck (2015) did a foundational survey to decide the wellbeing related danger of joblessness and employment frailty. In light of the different wellbeing results considered, the absence of work and employment weakness were unequivocally connected to psychological wellness. Occupation frailty was additionally connected to with physical indications. The absence of work and occupation instability are related with compounding wellbeing conditions and even mortality. Actually, a few people will in general end it all because of joblessness. Enticott et al. (2016) investigated the connection between psychological well-being and remoteness and territory hardship. They found that people living in the most distraught quintiles are bound to report mental confusion than those at all impeded quintiles. This contention is upheld by Fone and partners, who found that salary disparity is fundamentally connected to poor psychological well-being (Fone et. al., 2013). Then again, bigotry and separation are inferable from the high frequency of self destruction. Indigenous individuals may feel threatened because of bigotry and in the end their life. All in all, the writing audit focuses to imbalance intensified by social factors as the significant reason for mental scatters and self destruction. Evaluate Social brain research is the picked sociology order to evaluate the writing. In light of the current writing, it is clear that financial variables lead to a critical number of mental issue. The event of mental issue in certain fragments of the Australian populace is owing to social mental subjects, for example, inadequate psychosocial advancement, sentiment of weakness brought about by apparent absence of control and inability to get the nonmonetary advantages of business. Eriksons model of grown-up psychosocial advancement takes note of the significance of prosperous commitment inside ones work for solid maturing. The ramifications of neglecting to accomplish formative difficulties incorporate passionate misery (Malone et. al., 2016). He theorized that passionate and character improvement in adulthood necessitates that people accept they are making steps to better themselves by accommodating their locale and family. Conversely, during joblessness, low SES or uncertain occupation con dition confidence is undermined bringing about uneasiness and sorrow. The absence of business and employment misfortune can incite a chain of affliction including social and money related strain, which can bring about sorrow and self destruction. In fact, self destruction chance is firmly connected to joblessness just as absence of employer stability (Woo Postolache, 2008). At the point when an individual can't make sure about significant work, they will in general feel weakness because of the absence of impact. In the line of this view, steady defenselessness can bring about despondency. In the writing survey, loss of work has been delineated as one of the triggers of mental issue since it is socially and mentally dangerous. The social and mental reaction to upsetting occasions, for example, loss of business advances through different stages. The underlying stage is portrayed by stun, and at this stage, the individual is as yet hopeful. In the movement of joblessness, the individual becomes skeptical and encounters dynamic pain. A raised degree of dissatisfaction, sorrow, frustration and nervousness in the end prompts poor psychological well-being. Further, emotional economic wellbeing is emphatically connected with mental disarranges. Emotional economic wellbeing can be seen as far as relative hardship (McLaughlin et. al., 2012). An individual can be in an ideal situation or more awful contrasted with others in the network. In the event that an individual is more regrettable than others in the general public, they have high odds of encountering mental misery, which declines after some time. Another social brain science viewpoint is the part of the social class, which is proliferated by contrasts in SES level. Strikingly, social class may affect vulnerability to psychological sickness in a few different ways. This impact can be supported since social class decides the position held by people in institutional areas, mentalities and perspective just as way of life. The perspectives and perspective may make an individual embrace practices that are hazard factors for emotional well-being, for example, substance misuse. Individual Response Corresponding to the subject of study, my surmising is that there is a relationship among's SES and the danger of psychological well-being. Truth be told, low SES status expands the danger of emotional well-being. As an individual gains a higher SES, their danger of mental issue is incredibly brought down. The SES in my reaction is affected by work status, professional stability, lodging moderateness and the degree of neediness. Financial pressure is the conceivable clarification for the relationship between mental disarranges and SES. In a sincere belief, low-salary workers and people living in remote territories experience mental misery since they need sufficient assets for fundamental living. The absence of fundamental prerequisites will in general reason mental tension in the two grown-ups and youngsters. Indisputably, the social condition shapes the emotional wellness just as numerous basic mental issue. Social imbalances are commonly connected to expanded danger of poor emotion al wellness. End/Recommendations All in all, the discoveries of this paper answer the inquiry on why a few Australians experience a high rate of dysfunctional behaviors and self destruction. Financial variables are significant in the event of mental issue, where those living in low SES experience high occurrence of psychological maladjustments. The occurrence of psychological instabilities has been investigated with regards to social brain research. The essential suggestion of this paper is the requirement for the dynamic advancement of preventive and early mediation activities that especially focus on the antagonistic impacts of joblessness, work misfortune, territory hardship, and employment weakness. Thusly, the Australian government shou

Multiple Submissions of Freelance Material

Numerous Submissions of Freelance Material A peruser requested that I address this subject. She had an article to inquiry to distributions and didnt need to sit tight for each answer in turn. Would she be able to pitch to a few markets without a moment's delay, she inquired. The appropriate response isnt a basic Yes or No. Its really Yes AND No. Also, I have my very own tale for this exercise. Back in my prior independent days, I proposed articles on journalists and awards to Writers Digest just as The Writer. Every wa a remarkable pitch, composed in an unexpected way, yet on a similar subject. Id simply gone full timeâ as a specialist and knew the chances of both broadly perceived magazines tolerating my pieces was pretty much nothing. One of the distributions acknowledged inside a month yet never expressed when the story would come out. The other didnt connect for nearly 12 months however revealed to me when the article would show up. The two of them turned out around the same time. I got a patrons duplicate inclination totally elated. At that point I opened the other envelope via the post office and saw where the other distribution sent me their supporters duplicate. The adventure of opening one was supplanted with fear and gloom. Sufficiently sure, one of the editors reached me fuming. The other never let out the slightest peep. I was reluctant to pitch both of them for a considerable length of time. When is it alright to pitch a similar article to various distributions? 1) When the distributions are not in a contending market OR 2) When you notice in the question that you have additionally pitched the piece somewhere else. For example, on the off chance that you pitch a story on the best way to keep up grass in a graveyard (truly, I really distributed that piece), it tends to be all the while pitched to a turfgrass magazine and a lineage magazine since they are not contending distributions. Be that as it may, when one acknowledges, it benefits you to tell the other. Without a doubt, they may slaughter your piece, yet you dont need to cut off the tie to future gigs. Regardless of whether you compose totally various articles, on the off chance that they are about a similar point consider them too like even consider pitching to contending markets, yet comprehend that noncompeting markets may not give it a second thought, with both tolerating your piece. And keeping in mind that were talking outsourcing, I need to make reference to a surprising manual on turning into an independent writer. Writers Digest Guide to Magazine Article Writingâ is your down to earth manual for selling pitches, making solid articles, and procuring more I stand emphatically behindâ this book, composed

When Your Partner Gets Drunk and Violent

When Your Partner Gets Drunk and Violent Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Print When Your Partner Gets Drunk and Violent By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on January 05, 2020 Westend61/Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Many women and men are going through the same struggle. Research across different countries and cultures has demonstrated a strong relationship between binge drinking and violence towards intimate partners, whether they are married, cohabiting, dating, or casual encounters, and whether the partners are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual.?? Both men and women can be victims or perpetrators, but the vast majority of assaults and homicides are perpetrated by men to women. As with all people with violent partners, you are not to blame for whats happening to you, but youre unlikely to get help unless you take action yourself to prevent further abuse. Only you can decide what to do in this situation, but you are strongly advised to seek professional help as soon as possible. The Connection Between Drinking and Intimate Partner Violence Binge drinking  is associated with being both the perpetrator and the victim of violence between married couples. Think about how many drinks you have when youre with your partnerâ€"the more you drink, as well as the more your partner drinks, the greater the risk that he or she will become violent towards you. Alcohol is typically involved in the most severe incidents of violence towards partners. The relationship between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence is similar across diverse cultures and drinking patterns. While you may have only suffered from bruises up to this point, many partners, especially women, are hospitalized and die each year as a result of violence from a drunk partner, so its important that you deal with this now. Research also shows that there is a consistent link between the number of drinks consumed per occasion and engaging in partner violence, suggesting that its alcohol intoxication rather than merely alcohol use that creates situations where violence occurs.?? One of the first things you can do is control your drinking by setting a limit on how much you and your partner will drinkâ€"if at all. Five drinks or more is particularly unsafe for escalating the risk of violence, so a limit of three to four drinks should be the maximum. Even if you dont want to discuss your partners drinking with him or her, you can control your own drinking right away, which will reduce the risk of you being hit again to some extent. You Both Need Help You may love your partner and he or she may be kind the majority of the time. However, its absolutely crossing the line to hit or assault anyone. If possible, try talking to your partner when neither of you is under the influence and see if you can come up with a plan together about how to get help. Both you and your partner need outside help in this situation. While some people who are violent towards their partners can learn more effective ways to manage, if left unchecked, you can find yourself living in fear, eventually suffering from injuries or worse. Ideally, if your partner is willing to come to counseling, you should get couples counseling to address the underlying problems in your relationship. You should also both get counseling about your drinking (unless you are both willing and able to quit, and dont drink most of the time), and your partner should get additional help to deal with his or her violent behavior. Other Resources for Help If your partner becomes violent again, you can call 911 and ask for the police and an ambulance if you need medical attention. The police can help to link you with services in your area for abused partners. You can also find this help through your local community center or hospital. How to Get Help When Your Partner Gets Violent After Drinking

Frederick Douglass s Life And Life - 851 Words

Frederick Douglass was born in February of 1818 in Talbot County, Maryland. Frederick Douglass was born into slavery and eventually became a very famous abolitionist and author. He did not have an easy life. He faced many struggles in his lifetime but he overcame them all to tell everyone the truth about slavery and how demeaning it was. Frederick Douglass’s life a slave was brutal. He was beaten by his master day in and day out. His master was named Captain Aaron Anthony. Douglass was born into to slavery so he lost his mother at a very young age and never knew his father. Since he was born into slavery Douglass did not have much of a life as a child. All he ever knew was to work. In 1825 Douglass’s owner sent him to another slave farm. He was sent to Baltimore, Maryland, since they were from the north Douglass was not treated as badly as he was before. The wife of his new slave owner even began to teach Douglass reading and writing until her husband put a stop to it. Even though his life was not as bad as it was beforehand, Douglass still did not enjoy the life he was living and wanted to do something about it. Later in his life Douglass’s previous master, Captain Anthony, died. Afterwards, for a short period of time, he was returned back to Anthony’s son in law. Anthony’s son in law sold Douglass to another man once he was returned. The man he was sold to beat and whipped Douglass day in and day out until he did ever last thing that he was told to do. He eventuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe practice slavery as neither good nor bad, but just part of Southern life going on for hundreds of years. Frederick Douglass, a slave who had escaped to the North, after years of abuse through slavery, knew that in order to stop slavery, he had to persuade all the people in the North to vehemently oppose it as much as he did himself. Through the â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, which he published in 1845, Douglass focuses on the process of dehumanization he and thousands of others wentRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Life And Life2003 Words   |  9 PagesFrederick Douglass was born â€Å"in Tuckahoe, near Hillsborough, and about twelve miles from Easton, in Talbot county, Maryland.† He did not know about his age because slave-owners and slave-masters did not want the slaves to know about their age. But it is estimated that he was born around 1818 as he said, â€Å"I come to this, from hearing my master say, some time during 1835, I was about seventeen years old.† His mother was Harriet Bailey who was daughter of colored Isaac and Betsey Bailey. Douglass’sRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Life Of Slavery999 Words   |  4 Pagesin your stomach. Each night after working in the field for an hour a time. Pain that s what you feel after being whipped, for not moving fast enough as you s hould, mainly because you are tired. You live this life of a slave. Your name is Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"Knowledge makes a man unfit to be a slave. Frederick Douglass did not have an easy life, he has had a painful life. Douglass was born into slavery. His mother was black, and his father was an white man, as an infantRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Life As A Slave1189 Words   |  5 Pagesneeded for agricultural labors and had to work mostly from dusk to dawn. Frederick Douglass’s experiences as a slave was different than that other colonial labor because of the strict treatment he received from his masters, the inferiority to other humans that he felt, and the harsh conditions he lived in. Douglass’s life as slave was subjected to more cruel punishments than an indentured servant would have recieved.When Douglass described the severe punishment of his aunt Hester given by Colonel LloydRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Life Of Slavery1783 Words   |  8 Pages Frederick Douglass’s Position on Slavery Slavery is severe in two ways; slavery is terrible for slaves, and slavery corrupts slave holders. Frederick Douglass spent his life trying to prove these two topics. He wrote his own books to show people who are not around slavery how horrid it is. He gave countless examples of his own life in order to abolish slavery. In the Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass written by Douglass himself, he says, â€Å"Sincerely and earnestly hoping that this little bookRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas1674 Words   |  7 Pagespopular in the southern states, among these slaves, one slave in particular impacted the 19th century was Frederick Douglass. Although he was a slave for most of his life, Douglass eventually became a freeman, a social reform, writer, and an abolitionist for slavery. However, before he became a freeman, Douglass experienced a brutal life as a slave. He faced dehumanization in his early life, but accomplished what most slaves we not allowed to do; which is getting educated, by self-educating himselfRead MoreFrederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass1693 Words   |  7 Pages Slavery on a plantation was drastically different from slavery in the city. Frederick Douglass the author of Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass was born and raised on the plantation as a slave. From his early years Douglass experienced life as a slave on a plantation. He was soon relocated to Maryland at the age of seven to the slave owner’s brother Mr. Auld. Douglass is moved back and forth from the plantation to the city. The areas of food, treatment and punishment, and clothing were contrastingRead MoreAn Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Essay1284 Words   |  6 Pagesof Frederick Douglass s NarrativeChristianity quite often, especially when associated to the system of slavery becomes even more of a contentious issue than it already is. In The Narrative of th e Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass presents the theme of perversion of Christianity by slaveholders as a way to bring out the contradiction that lie deep within slaveholders adulterated interpretation of the belief system. In this paper, I will highlight these perversions that Douglass discussesRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s The Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass 983 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom. To become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave wrote in the â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† ​Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. He was born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, who wasRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass s Narrative Of The Life Of Fredrick Douglass967 Words   |  4 Pagesthe United States many slaves like Fredrick Douglass had to escape to fight for freedom to become abolitionists. To expose the terror and cruelties that he faced from his owners and overseers as a slave as narrated in â€Å"Narrative of the life of Fredrick Douglass.† Being a slave was difficult from the beginning. In the case of Fredrick Douglass he was a product of unwanted love. Born into slavery with no record or â€Å"accurate knowledge of age.†(Douglass) He was the son of Harriet Bailey, who was â€Å"†¦the

Women s Role During The Civil War - 1301 Words

 ¨The world has never yet seen a truly great and virtuous nation because in the degradation of Women the very foundations of life are poisoned at their source† (Rose 1). Lucretia Mott was only one of many women in which had to go through this tough time known as the Civil War (Biography.com Editors 2). Women during this time threw away their old ways of being a housewife and everyone helped contribute in the war somehow, whether if they were young or old they helped (History.com Staff 1). Though not often mentioned, women played a huge role in the Civil War. The Women stood up to the plate during the Civil War. The Women s role before the Civil War cleaned, cooked, and took care of their children while the men always worked. During the Civil War, while still dealing with cooking, cleaning, and taking care of their children women created fundraisers and organizations. These organizations were made to help their loved ones, the soldiers, while they were in war (Brown1). Some o f the most successful organizations were Ladies Hospital Aid Society, The Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, United States Christian Commission and the Sanitary Service. (HSP Staff 3) (Brown 1) The Ladies Hospital Aid Society organized and sent supplies for soldiers off at war (McGrath 1).The Volunteer Refreshment Saloon provided support services to soldiers on their way to or returning from the Civil War (Temple 1). The Civil War Christian Commision distributed thousands of tracts, bibles, and pamphletsShow MoreRelatedWomen s Roles During The Civil War1261 Words   |  6 PagesWomen s Roles During The Civil War Women were considered frail, unintelligent, and unable to make decisions in eighteen-hundredths America. It was traditional wisdom that a woman’s place was in the home. The Civil War marked a turning point for women and their role in society. Through my research consisting of books, letters, speeches, and articles, I will tell the story of a time in America when women rose to satisfy the needs of the country when most men were away fighting the war. This essayRead MoreWomen s Role During The Civil War Essay1953 Words   |  8 PagesRevolution, but given that these ideals only applied to white men at the time, I wonder how many women imagined that they would ever enjoy such liberties. In the nineteenth century, it was assumed that the natural order of society dictated that men and women were predestined to live out their lives as they always had. Women were expected to be submissive, obedient, and subservient to the men around them. Women s struggle for equality has been a long-fought battle and continues into the present time. ThoseRead MoreWomen During The Civil War1049 Words   |  5 PagesFor Civil War women in the 1860s it was predictable wisdom that a â€Å"woman’s place is in the home,† but the Civil War challenged this view. There were many women who played an important role in the Civil War. It is normal to think the Civil War was a man’s fight. However during the war, many women challenged the role of the women and took on different roles. While the men marched off to war, the women had to work hard and try to provide for their families. Women became doctors, spies, nurses, couriersRead MoreThe Barry/Bradford Family1442 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the early eighteen hundreds, many southerners entangled themselves and their families in the Civil War. 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The war increased northernRead MoreLittle Women And The Civil War903 Words   |  4 PagesLittle Women and the Civil War. The Civil War served as much more than the fight for civil economies and a struggle to end slavery. What lied in the foreground of the civil war are images of unions and confederate soldiers rummaging through forest of the American South and thoughts of slaves gaining their long sought freedom. However most people do not consider the lingering backdrop of the war. That would be the effects the war would have on the changing gender roles. The new gender roles formedRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War885 Words   |  4 Pages For women in the 1860s it was predictable wisdom that a â€Å"woman’s place is in the home,† but the Civil War challenged this view (Civil War Academy, 2015). There were many women who played an important role in the Civil War. It is normal to think the Civil War was a man’s fight. However during the war, many women challenged the role of the women and took on different roles. While the men marched off to war, the women had to work hard and try to provide for their families. Women became doctors, spiesRead MoreThe Role Of Women During Post War Period1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women During the post-war period women were getting more opportunities and freedoms within society, while at the same time getting more limitations. Using one’s maternal instinct was a concept that was heavily stressed during this period and made a big impact on their home life and work life. The Cold War was a time where women had a lot of responsibilities to both their family but also society. They were the caretakers and had an incredible amount of work to do in preparation of nuclearRead MoreBrave And Strong Women During The Civil War Essay1602 Words   |  7 Pages Brave and Strong Women in the Civil War Keyamber Ford Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period â€Æ' Abstract Women in the Civil War were basically the beginning of a movement, because many people thought that women could not accomplish fighting in a war. The role of women in the Civil War failed to be noticed by people in history. Women’s roles prior to the Civil War were to take care of home and family. Single women or those who were poor could find work outside the homeRead MoreWomen In The Civil War1674 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Women Who Fought In the Civil War Submitted By: Tierahnee Balfour History 2010 Enhanced Mrs. Teresa Prober 19 October 2012 It is an accepted convention that the Civil War was a man’s fight, but to the women in that time period, it was not. Many women sacrificed their lives to fight for their family and for their country. The Civil War is symbolic in American history because it shaped society, as we know it today, â€Å"Free of slavery†. During the Civil War, women were mostly

Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas Free Essays

Name: John Kindley| Class: GH AP Y (Even)| Date: November 3rd, 2012| Chapter 12, Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, 200 – 1500| Pages 306 – 331| | Classic-Era Culture and Society in Mesoamerica, 200 – 900:| | * Remarkable civilization created| | * Different language + politics, but unified by material culture, religious beliefs + practices, and social structure| Classic Period| * Classic period (built upon Olmec and other civilizations)| | * Social classes with distinct roles| * Hereditary politics + religious elites controlled towns + villages| | Teotihuacan:| | * Powerful city-state in central Mexico (100 B. C. E. We will write a custom essay sample on Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas or any similar topic only for you Order Now – 750 C. E. )| Religion| * Religion = worshipped many gods + lesser spirits, Sun + Moon| | * Human sacrifice = viewed as sacred duty to the gods and essential| | to the well-being of society| Farming| * Chinampas = raised fields along lakeshores to increase agriculture| Politics| * No evidence for single ruler; alliances between elite families| | The Maya:| Location| * Maya = civilization concentrated in the Yucatan Peninsula, | | Guatemala, and Honduras, but never unified| | * Contributed mainly in math, astronomy, and the calendar| | * High pyramids + palaces = meant to awe the masses that came| Decoration| * Maya = loved decoration| | * Infused warfare with religious meaning| | * Society = patrilineal| Contributions| * Devised elaborate calendar system, concept of 0, and writing| End of Classic Era| * Maya cities declined due to struggle for resources, which lead to| | class conflict and warfare| | | | | | | | | | * Connection with the Mesoamerican societies due to learning about the Aztecs in grade 8| * Have visited Mayan cities in Mexico, and have seen temples in real life| * Question: didn’t the Arabs develop the concept of 0? | | | | The Postclassic Period in Mesoamerica, 900 – 1500:| | * No single explanation for fall of Teotihuacan and Mayan centers| | The Toltecs:| | * Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexic o (900 – 1175 C. E. )| Origins| * Origins = unknown (either satellite or migrant populations)| | * Used military conquest to create powerful empire| Reason for decline| * Fell by internal power struggles and military threat from the north| | The Aztecs:| | * Altepetl = ethnic state in ancient Mesoamerica that was the | | common political building block of that region| Society + Politics| * Calpolli = group of up to hundred families that served as a building| | block of an altepetl (controlled land allocation + taxes + local religious life)| | * Tenochtitlan = capital of Aztec Empire; in an island in lake Texcoco| | Mexico City created on ruins of Tenochtitlan| * Aztecs = AKA Mexica, created empire (1325 – 1521 C. E. )| | * Aztecs forced defeated peoples to provide goods + labor as tax| Aztec Women| * Women = held lots of power; held in high esteem; held positions| | like teachers and priestesses; seen as founders of lineages, including| | the royal line| | * Merchants become rich, but cannot become high nobility| Economic systems| * Tribute system = system in which defeated peoples were forced to| | pay tax in forms of goo ds and labor; help development of large ities | | * Did not use money; used barter instead| | * Aztec religion = demanded increasing numbers of human sacrifice| * Connection to Aztecs as I learned about them in grade 8| * Noted the familiarities between the Mesoamerican societies, which also had distinct| differences as well| | | | Northern Peoples:| | * Classic period ends around 900 C. E. | | * Transfer of irrigation and corn agriculture -gt; stimulated development in Hohokam and Anasazi society| | Southwestern Desert Cultures:| | * Anasazi = important culture in southwest US (700 – 1300 C. E. )| | * Anasazi built multistory residences, and worshipped in | | subterranean buildings (called kivas)| Anasazi women| * Women = shared agricultural tasks, specialists in many crafts, | | responsible for food preparation and childcare| Anasazi region| * Anasazi = concentrate in Four Corners region| | Mound Builders: The Hopewell and Mississippian Cultures:| Political structure| * Chiefdom = form of political organization; ruled by hereditary leader| (Chiefdom)| who had control over collection of villages + towns; based on gift giving | | and commercial links| * Political organization + trade + mound building continued by the| | Mississippian culture (largest city = Cahokia)| Ansazi +| * Environmental changes caused destruction of Anasazi +| Mississippian| Mississippian cultures| Decline| | | | | Andean Civilizations, 200 – 1500| | * Environment = sucks for creating civilization| | * Amerindian peoples of Andean = produced some of the most| | socially complex + politically advanced societies in Western Hemisphere | | Cultural Response to Environmental Challenge| How they adapted| * Domestication of llamas and alpacas| | * Farmed at different altitudes to reduce risks from frosts| Social + political | * Ayllu = Andean lineage group or kin-based community| groups| * Ayllu = foundation for Andean achievement; members = obligated| | to help fellow members (thought as brothers and sisters)| | * Mit’a = Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help| | kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations | Gender distinction| * Men = hunting, military service, government| | * Women = textile production, agriculture, home| Harsh climates of Andean civilizations = similar to harsh environment of North American| settlers | * Anasazi + Mississippian culture = one of few civilizations that did not fall due to outside| pressures| | | Moche:| | * Moche = civilization of north coast of Peru (200 – 700 C. E. )| | * Built extensive irrigation networks + impressive urban centers| | dominated by brick temples| Political + social| * Did not establish formal empire nor unified political structure| structure| * Moche society = theocratic + stratified; priests + military leaders | | had concentrated wealth + power| Decline of Moche| * Moche centers declined due to long-term climate changes| | * Wari = new military power, culturally linked to Tiwanaku| | * Wari contributed to the disappearance of the Moche| | Tiwanaku and Wari:| | * Tiwanaku = name of capital city and empire centered on the region| | near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375 – 1000 C. E. )| | * Llamas = crucial for maintenance of long-distance trade relations| | * High quality of stone masonry| * Stratified society ruled by a hereditary elite| | * Used military to extend their power over large religions | | The Inca:| | * Largest and most powerful Andean empire (Cuzco = capital)| | * Initially a chiefdom -gt; turned in to military expansion in 1430s| | * Inca prosperity depended on vast herds of llamas + alpacas| | * Hereditary chiefs of ayllus included women| | * Had hostage taking system for politics| * Each new ruler began his reign with conquest (legitimize authority)| | * Khipus = system of knotted colored cords used by preliterate| | Andean peoples to transmit information| | * Did not produce new technologies; increased economic output| | * Civil war weakened the Inca on the eve of European arrival| | | | | | | | | | | | | * Noticed that primary gods for many societies were Sun gods and agricultural gods| * Pressures from inside took out the Inca society; similar to other societies| * Khipus = similar to the one that Aztecs used| | | How to cite Peoples and Civilizations of the Americas, Essays

Is it a Birdie free essay sample

To me it’s a birdie. To others it may be a shuttle or a shuttlecock. But no matter what it’s called, the one thing that these names have in common is that without a â€Å"birdie† there is no badminton. The racket is, quite frankly, useless unless paired with its accomplice†¦ the mighty birdie. Whether it be an intense game, or a simple volley, the surge of energy that comes with hitting a birdie can be compared to nothing else. It’s an energy that is present whether the return was a deafening smash or a light touch nonetheless. Playing a game of badminton is just like playing the game of â€Å"life†; you never know what’s coming your way, just like you don’t know your opponent’s next move. Sometimes, my own moves surprise me. This element of surprise is a refreshing reminder that life is not a preplanned package: there are options. We will write a custom essay sample on Is it a Birdie? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are times when defeat is the only option; however, moments like these drive us as human beings to make sure that our next option is only victory!

Concept of Environmental Ethic in Society

Environmental ethics is a relatively new field, but it already gives rise to numerous debates among philosophers and scientists. The articles that are included in this portfolio are aimed at discussing the ways in which people should think about nature and other species.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Environmental Ethic in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors discuss a variety of approaches to this problem, for example, deontological perspective or utilitarianism. In my view, people have to accept the premise that their survival is dependent on the sustainability of environment. Overall, it seems that in the future, environmental ethics can shape laws, and daily activities of companies or individuals, yet, at its principles have not been fully articulated. One of the issues that are highlighted by the authors is the anthropocentrism of contemporary environmental ethics. In other words , even people who are not indifferent of environmental problems, think about them only because they can have an impact on human life. For instance, people can focus on such issue as water and air pollution, oil spills, or the depletion of natural resources. Yet, very little attention is paid to inherent value of environment. This framework implies that nature has to be fully subordinate to the people. This perspective also suggests that many environmental problems can be overlooked provided that they do not directly affect the activities of people.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the extinction of many species can be made acceptable because it does not impact people. I agree with scholars who critique this utilitarian interpretation of environmental ethics. The thing is that ecosystem is not a set of independent elements; in most cases, they are closely interc onnected. For instance, the extinction of birds or animals can eventually affect forests and even lead to deforestation of many areas. This is why one should not look at the environment only from utilitarian perspective. The problem is that many people cannot see the inherent value of nature. This question is not only theoretical because it can affect various human activities, for instance, animal activities or the preservation of endangered species. The second question that these reading made think of is how one can make environmental ethics obligatory for organizations and individuals. Certainly, there can be different approaches to environmental ethics. One can take utilitarian or deontological perspectives, but it is always possible to institutionalize the principles of environmental ethics. The problem is that some organizations only claim to care about environment, but these claims are not always backed up by their actions. Besides, many companies are simply forces to follow t he environmental regulations imposed by states. Yet, there is no internal stimulus for them to do it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Environmental Ethic in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, the articles included in the portfolio prompt individuals to reevaluate their views on nature and environmental problems. So, one has to formulate the principles that people should follow. This is why I support the idea of environmental ethics. In view, researchers and thinkers, why try to establish its key principles, can help governments avert many problems. This discussion shows that the key principles of environmental ethics still have to be formulated and turned into norms. Although this field of ethics is relatively new it can organizations and individuals. Overall, the debates over these questions may not be settled in the near future. Yet, the fact that this issue is discussed by intellect uals indicates that people’s attitude toward environment can change in the future. This essay on Concept of Environmental Ethic in Society was written and submitted by user Jadiel K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ge Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers, Book Reports

Ge Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers, Book Reports Ge Gesundheit ist ein Zustand eines lebenden Krpers, die nicht von einer Krankheit behaftet. Wenn wir gesund sind, keiner von uns oder nach einem feinen Kopf, Augen, Nase, Mund oder Rachen. Erst wenn der Hals uns weh tut und wir Angina haben, werden wir erkennen, dass wir viele andere Stellen haben ohne die wir nicht existieren. Die Tatsache, dass wir eine Hand, Arm, Herz und Lunge zu fhlen, wenn wir verletzt sind. Gesundheit ist fr jeden von uns ist die wichtigste Sache der Welt. Jeder von uns sollte Sie geschtzt und gepflegt werden. Der Frhling beginnt und unser Krper ist anfllig fr Krankheiten. Bei Temperaturen unter Null Klte kann Vitamin-Verlust, Neigung zu Krankheiten wie Grippe, Mandelentzndung und Erkltungen verursachen. Hufige Erkrankungen durch Stress verursacht. Ich lebe oft krank. Ich habe eine schwache Immunitt, auch wenn ich gesund leben. Gegen diese Krankheiten hilft es mir Obst und Gemse zu essen, warm zu kleiden und zu schlucken Vitamine. Also ich glaube, ich bin genug fr Ihre Gesundheit zu tun. Auch wenn ich regelmig bewegen, oft muss ich rztliche Hilfe suchen. Im Wartezimmer dauert es ewig. Doktor im Bro sagen, was mich strt, was weh tut, und ich habe Symptome. Der Arzt wird die Krankheit und Medikamente verschreiben zu bestimmen, die ich brauche in der Apotheke abholen. Wenn, ich muss wirklich eine Operation haben. Wenn, ich krank bin ich nach Hause und gehen nicht zur Schule. Ich habe im Bett zu bleiben und trinken viel Tee. Wenn, ich nicht lese ich die Temperatur oder Arbeit am Computer. Ich wei, dass jede Krankheit klettern muss. Ich hasse lange im Bett liegen krank. Jeder Brger der Slowakischen Republik zahlt fr die Krankenversicherung. Kinder, Studenten und Rentner vom Staat bezahlt werden. Als Ergebnis sind das Gesundheitswesen billiger. Jeder kann auch einen privaten Arzt oder einer Klinik whlen. Aber es gibt mehr gltig. Private Kliniken bieten in der Regel eine bessere Betreuung durch eine bessere Ausrstung. Das Warten ist nicht so lang. Dringende medizinische Behandlung kann Leben retten. Gegen bestimmte Probleme schnell genug sparen, muss es langfristig sein. Sie sind psychische Erkrankungen wie Depressionen oder Essstrungen. Sie sind oft nicht sichtbar. Deshalb ist die schlechteste. Diese Krankheiten knnen tdlich sein, wenn sie nicht rechtzeitig eingreifen. Psychische Gesundheit ist fr die krperliche Gesundheit von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Daher Pflege ausgelst getroffen werden mssen.

Educational Biography Statement Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Educational Biography - Personal Statement Example The first lesson I learned in school was about authority. I learned that you did not question it. My parents were the type of parents that were always on the side of the school. They had a sort of conflicted relationship with public schools because they both had a difficult time in school. On the one hand, they recognized that the people in school were professionals and were there to teach me. They had a lot of trust in my individual teachers and always believed what they said. If I went home and said, â€Å"Mrs. Kershaw smacked my had with a ruler today!† they would ask me, â€Å"Well, what did you do?† They never questioned a teacher’s authority to discipline or teach me, so this taught me to listen and obey my teachers. On the other hand, my parents were almost paranoid about the institution of education. They were suspicious of the people at the very top. The superintendents, principals and specialists that ran the school and were responsible for the big pict ure were viewed as lazy and wasteful. Nothing they did was every OK with my parents. They railed against tax increases, curriculum changes and decisions about school safety. It took me a long time to realize that my parents were taking a stance against what they perceived as management (Cook, 1978). Both were laborers and they viewed my teachers as peers, but everyone else was management. I was in high school before I figured out why my parents were so supportive of the education system on the one hand, and so against it on the other. This was the beginning of my own conflicted feelings about schooling and education. By high school, I could see that my parents wanted me to get a college education so that I would be a part of a class of people that they mistrusted. I know that this sounds conflicted, but that’s my parents. They wanted me to be more secure than they were themselves, but their view was that the only way this could happen was to be something other than I was. Not quite fitting into a defined social position is not something new for me. From elementary, through middle and high school, I always felt that all of the students were strongly encouraged to fill a slot in a specified, existing group. Some students are academically inclined, others are athletes. Some students are compliant while others are rowdy troublemakers. There seemed to be a lot of either/or decisions that were expected of me in school that caused me to question what I was and what I really wanted out of life. Two of these incidences that were very powerful occurred when I was in elementary and high school. They both involved a conflict in scheduling that could have been resolved had the school not been trying to force me into a specified social construct. In elementary school, there were many activities that were commonly called pullouts by the teachers. Looking back, I realize that some of these pullouts were for students that struggled to learn, but others were and effort t o differentiate instruction for small groups of students (Tomlinson, 2005). I was identified as Gifted students, so one of my pullouts was a required class called Reach. I met with other Gifted students at this

Earth Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earth Sciences - Essay Example Thus, careful study of the accurate cardinal orientation of the Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt, and the Venus alignment of the Maya Palace of the Governor at Uxmal in Yucatan can reveal to what extent associated ancient cultures were advanced in their knowledge of astronomy and possibly provide scope for amazement at such achievements of monumental precision ((The Center for Archaeoastronomy, 2002). Stonehenge (Figures 4 & 5) has special significance to archaeoastronomy. It is certainly not the largest ancient stone circle in the world but it is certainly the only one with lintels on the upright stones (English Heritage Website, FAQs on Stonehenge). "Stonehenge, the word, is believed to have originated from the Anglo-Saxon period, from the old English word "henge' meaning 'hanging' or 'gibbet'. Thus, Stonehenge literally means the 'hanging stones' and may have been derived from the lintels that seem to hang above the uprights (English Heritage, Historical Background, Stonehenge, 2006). Today 'henge' has a special significance in archaeology meaning a circular construction of either stone or timber (English Heritage, Historical Background, Stonehenge, 2006). The discoveries at Stonehenge in the 60s have made the interdisciplinary fields of archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy (the study of contemporary native astronomies) active fields wherefrom scholars derive knowledge of our species' continuous interaction with the cosmos (The Center for Archaeoastronomy, 2002). The report seeks to find clearly why Stonehenge was built, when it was built and by whom. It shall explore available literature with research findings in recent years to attempt to do so. 2 Stonehenge - The English Heritage Monument: 2.1 Introduction: English Heritage and the National Trust look after Stonehenge jointly. Though curious visitors have been coming to the ancient site to gawk at the monumental constructions for over 5000 years it has only recently in 1986 been declared a World Heritage Site (English Heritage, Historical Background, 2006). Researchers from the English Heritage Scientific Dating Service used a variety of dating techniques to assess dates when the monument was built. The researchers assert that Stonehenge was built in three phases - the oldest construction was the Mesolithic activity in the present car park attached to the site. It must be noted here that the team

Crystalline Modifications and Solubility of Prepared Crystal

Crystalline Modifications and Solubility of Prepared Crystal LITERATURE REVIEW Tejal Prajapati et.al., (2010) Investigated different crystal forms of carbamazepine was prepared from various solvents. Crystalline modifications and the solubility of prepared crystals and immediate release tablet dissolution rate profile of carbamazepine studied by using in vitro dissolution studies. These obtained crystal forms of carbamazepine and pure drug was characterized by SEM, FTIR, PXRD and DSC. Highest solubility profile shown by Crystals obtained from ethanol at room temperature and it gave better in vitro dissolution drug release profile than all other forms. Nokhodchi et.al., (2010) Developed ibuprofen crystal forms by using solvent change crystallization technique. Ibuprofen was dissolved in ethanol, and then that solution was crystallized with water in the presence or absence of different types of hydrophilic additives or polymers (like PEG 6000, 8000, Brij 98P and PVA 22000) and using with different concentration ratios. Physico-mechanical properties of Ibuprofen crystals were studied by density, flow property, tensile strength and dissolution behaviour and characterized by SEM, DSC and FT-IR. Ibuprofen crystals crystallized with presence of PEG 6000, 8000 and PVA shown reliable increase in the tensile strengths results of the directly compressed tablets. Talluri chandrashekar et.al., (2010) Developed four different types of Chlorzoxazone polymorphs (Form I, Form II, Form III and Form IV) by using different types of solvents. The obtained polymorphs were characterized by using Optical Microscopy, DSC, XRD and IR spectroscopic methods. From the studies it was revealed that the Form I, Form II shown higher solubility rate profile than Form III, Form IV and pure drug. Rajesh A. Keraliya et.al., (2010) Investigated 14 pure good solvents were selected for the crystallization of tolbutamide. Crystals were obtained in only 10 solvents out of the all 14 solvents. These developed Crystal forms were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and in vitro dissolution study. Differential scanning calorimetry study shown all types of crystals were determined as isomorphic. Crystal forms of tolbutamide gave different dissolution rates. Cheng-Hung Hsu et.al., (2010) Studied transformation of different gabapentin polymorphs forms. Four types of gabapentin polymorphs were developed and these are characterized by using DSC, TGA, FTIR Microspectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry. A one-step novel hot-stage FTIR microspectroscopy was successfully applied to progressive processes of polymorphic forms transformation of prepared crystals. Gen Hasegawa et.al., (2009) Prepared different types of tolbutamide polymorphs and thermodynamic stability was characterized by using calorimetry and spectroscopic analysis. Forms I-III The heat of solutions (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H) measurements were observed in solvent of dimethylsulfoxide between 298.2K and 319.2 K. Solubility data also observed and then confirmed the change in à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H of Form I around 308.2 K. XRD, DSC measurements of Form I characterized as a polymorphic transformation was observed at 311K. The crystal forms structure of the Form I was determined by using PXRD pattern, and solid-state NMR spectrum confirmed the transformations occurred in the prepared crystal form structure of tolbutamide Form I. Roya Talari et.al., (2009) Investigated Gliclazide was recrystallized and developed polymorphs with 12 different types stabilizers and each stabilizer gives effect on micromeritic behaviors, microcrystals morphology, dissolution rate profile and recrystallized gliclazide solid state were studied. Recrystallized samples showed faster dissolution rate than gliclazide pure drug and the fastest dissolution rate profile was observed the samples recrystallized with PEG 1500 stabilizer. XRPD and DSC results confirmed that crystallization of gliclazide forms with stabilizers reduced the crystallinity of the samples. Renu Chadha et.al., (2009) Prepared five different crystal forms of methotrexate and Characterized by using XRPD and DSC. Desolvation endotherm was determined by the DSC. In I, II, IV and V crystal forms mass losses were observed in TGA and shown these forms are acetonitrile solvate hydrate, dimethylformamide solvate and trihydrate (I, V, II and IV) respectively. Desolvation peak was not observed in Prepared from methanol crystal form (form III) and that indicates the absence of solvent of crystallization. This form III was shown partially crystalline pattern by its XRPD. All prepared forms the dissolution and solubility rate profiles were correlated with enthalpy of solution and subsequently to the crystallinity of all four forms of methotrexate; and crystal form III shown highest dissolution rate than other prepared forms. Mange Ram Yadav et.al., (2008) Developed five different types of crystal forms of Pefloxacin by using with different solvents of varying polarities, and the dissolution kinetics of five polymorphs was observed. That reveled these polymorphs differed in their dissolution rate profiles and all polymorphs shown unusual behavior in highest dissolution rate profile at the end of 15 min after that some what similar dissolution rate. Finally got constant dissolution release values after 4 hrs. Shan-Yang Lin et.al., (2007) Investigated two polymorphic forms A B of famotidine. It describes famotidine polymorphic transition may produce by the grinding or compression process in ground mixtures or compressed compacts in tabletting process time. The synergistic effect of temperature on the grinding or compression process was also investigated. In the ground mixtures, famotidine polymorphic transition was characterized by confocal Raman Microspectroscopy, DSC. Mechanical forces, which are grinding and compression, are having effect on polymorphic transformation of Famotidine. Ilma Nugrahani et.al., (2007) Evaluated amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium solid state interaction. The solid state interaction was characterized by using DSC, XRPD, FTIR and SEM. Different compositions of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate were developed in ten different molar ratios and characterized by DSC to get the thermal profile and a phase diagram of composition. Binary systems thermo profile obtained by DSC analysis that endothermic curves of molar ratios of 1:9-5:5 overlapped at 201 °C. the molar fraction ratio of 5:5 shown the loss of hydrate spectra in amoxicillin trihydrate characterized by FTIR spectrum of binary system. We conclude co-crystal system produced by the strong hydrogen bonding interaction between hydrates of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate. Cristina Puigjaner et.al., (2007) Investigated new polymorphic forms A, B C of Norfloxacin. These polymorphs forms were characterized by different methods like powder X-ray diffraction, Vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), thermal analysis (DSC and TG), SEM and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The data show an enantiotropic relationship between A C forms, as well as a monotropic relationship between B C. C.G. Kontoyannis et.al., (2007) Reported Risperidone polymorphic forms of film coated commercial tablets and characterized by using IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. This Risperidone polymorph stability was examined through time and during the manufacturing process. The inability of IR and Raman techniques to identify the presence of polymorph A in the tablets. Form A was proved to be stable during the manufacturing process time and after the storage period of 2 years. Wang Jingkang et.al., (2007) Reported crystal habit of 11ÃŽÂ ±-hydroxy-16ÃŽÂ ±, 17ÃŽÂ ±-epoxyprogesterone (HEP) grown from solution by the effects of solvent and impurity were characterized by using SEM. Long prismatic crystals were formed from crystallization of HEP in pure acetone and N, N-dimethylformamide. Blocky crystals were resulted with pure chloroform by using cooling crystallization method. These HEP crystals were greatly modified from prismatic to octahedral shape. That the change of crystal habit was brought from the modification of crystal structure by DSC and X-ray powder diffraction. Piera Di Martino et.al., (2007) Reported crystal forms of nimesulide prepared by crystallizing from an ethanol solution and dioxane, different from the pure drug nimesulide reference sample, it was characterized by using XRPD, DSC and solid cross polarization-magic angle spinning NMR. Dioxane nimesulide forms are solvate. The polymorphic form prepared by desolvation of dioxane solvate gave positive effect on nimesulide forms tableting properties increasing the both compressibility and tabletability. Joao Canotilho et.al., (2007) Prepared crystalline forms of atenolol from evaporation of an ethanol/water solution. (R, S)-Atenolol crystallizes in the centrosymmetric and S-atenolol crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric space group C2/c and space group C2 respectively. One symmetry and two symmetry independent molecule in (R, S)-atenolol crystals and molecules in S-atenolol respectively. (R, S)-atenolol shown two different molecular conformations and three different conformations were isolated in S-atenolol.. The molecular conformations characterized by X-ray diffraction method were fully relaxed at the HF/6-31G* level of theory. Reddy et.al., (2005) Investigated a novel crystalline form of cetirizine monohydrochloride was prepared. These prepared crystalline forms of cetirizine monohydrochloride were characterized by using x-ray diffraction pattern, differential scanning calorimetry. Kati Pollanen et.al., (2005) Prepared polymorphic forms of sulfathiazole. These polymorphic forms composition of bulk product samples characterized by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy together with multivariate statistical process control analysis, soft independent modeling of class analogy, orthogonal signal correction preprocessing and partial least squares regression methods. Ali Arslantas et.al., (2005) Investigated L-ascorbic acid polymorphs considered as eight space groups and assuming one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Including with the experimental structure and number of possible crystal structures were found. By removing space-group symmetry constraints, the number of hypothetical crystal structures was reduced. Schmidt et.al., (2005) Reported Benzocaine (BZC), butambene (BTN) and isobutambene (BTI) are ester type basic local anaesthetic agents. These are exist in two polymorphic crystal forms and characterized by thermomicroscopy, DSC, FTIR, FT-Raman-spectroscopy and XRPD. The endothermic transformation of mod. I0 at ambient conditions thermodynamically stable (heat of transition rule). Whereas mod. II and mod.I0 enantiotropic in nature and mod.II is metastable at temperatures. At room temperature the metastable forms show different kinetic stabilities. Vijayavitthal T Mathad et.al., (2005) Prepared six polymorphs of donepezil hydro bromide from different types of solvents, and these polymorphs physical properties are characterized by PXRD, DSC, TGA, IR spectroscopy and Karl Fischer techniques. It reveled one is crystalline hydrate , four are anhydrous polymorphs and one is amorphous form. Arvind k. Bansal et.al., (2004) Studied clopidogrel bisulphate polymorphic form I and form II. Obtained polymorphs were characterized by Thermal (DSC, TGA, HSM), crystallographic (XRD) and spectroscopic (FTIR) methods. Differences in their spectral patterns were successfully utilized for the quantification of forms I and II in powder mixtures. The forms undergo no transformations and exhibit no crystal defect generation when exposed to pressure during the KBr pellet formation. FTIR method was successfully characterized and validated for the quantification of prepared clopidogrel bisulphate polymorph form I in polymorph mixtures. David J. W. Grant et.al., (2004) Reported two polymorphic forms of s Piroxicam. The difference in energy of the two polymorphs, I and II, of Piroxicam arises predominantly from the difference between their lattice energies, rather than between their conformational energies. A loss of polymorphic memory was observed upon cryogrinding, the two polymorphs are leading to differences in their recrystallization behavior between Piroxicam amorphous prepared in polymorphs I and II.di Young-Taek Sohn and Hyun Ok Seo et.al., (2004) Developed four types of crystal forms of ketorolac by recrystallization from various organic solvents under variable conditions. Different types of ketorolac polymorphs and pseudopolymorphs were characterized by XRPD, DSC, and thermogravimetric analysis. All four crystal forms showed different types of dissolution studies in water at 37 ±0.5oC. Form I shown the highest solubility. Polymorphic forms of Form I and Form III shown good physical stability at room temperature for 60 days. After 60 days storage Form IV is converted to Form I and Form II is converted to Form III. Sari Airaksinen et.al., (2004) Investigated two polymorphic forms of theophylline monohydrate. Theophylline monohydrate transforms either stable (form I), or metastable (form Ià ¢Ã‹â€ -) form of anhydrous theophylline during the drying phase of wet granulation method. Amounts of the different theophylline crystalline forms remaining in the form of dried granules were characterized by using XRPD and near-infrared spectroscopy. It conclude the Metastable anhydrous theophylline was the major form that was produced at drying temperatures of 40-50 à ¢- ¦C with both MMFD and VT-XRPD drying techniques. Mahua Sarkar et.al., (2008) Developed nevirapine polymorphic forms from different types solvents under various conditions by crystallization. These forms solid-state behavior was characterized by using variety of complementary techniques such as microscopy (optical, polarized, hot stage microscopy), DSC, TGA, FT-IR and powder X-ray diffractometry. Nevirapine forms crystallized from varying polarities and yielded different crystal habits. The recrystallized sample intrinsic dissolution rate of was lower than the commercial sample. Nevirapine Amorphous form shown slightly higher aqueous solubility than commercial sample. Makoto Otsuka Fumie kato et.al., (2003) Investigated indomethacin polymorphic content in mixed pharmaceutical powder and tablets by using rapid chemometrical near-infrared spectroscopy. Polymorphic contents of forms ÃŽÂ ± and ÃŽÂ ³ were obtained from physical mixing of IMC standard polymorphic sample 50% and excipient mixed powder sample consisting of lactose, corn starch, and hydroxypropyl-cellulose 50% in Mixed powder samples. 6 kinds of standard materials with various polymorphic contents were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction profiles and NIR spectra. more accurate quantitative analysis of polymorphic content provided by NIR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical mixed powder and tablets. Sabiruddin Mirza et.al., (2003) Developed crystal forms erythromycin with various organic solvents, (acetone, methylethylketone, ethanol, and isopropanol) both in the presence and in the absence of water on the crystallization. It was observed that pure organic solvent or water-organic 1:9 or 1:1 solvent mixtures are solvate. However, the recrystallization of erythromycin from 2:1 water-organic solvent mixture gives crystal hydrate form. that the loss of volatiles by all the solvated crystals is nonstoichiometric showed by Thermo-gravimetric analysis. The solvates with the organic solvents desolvation behavior of characterized by variable-temperature x-ray powder diffraction. R. Fausto et.al., (2003) an amorphous state produced by Fast cooling rates that, on more heating, that crystallizes into metastable polymorph. At higher temperatures, this metastable crystalline form converts into the stable crystal form. Cooling rates is intermediate produce 3AP crystallizes as the metastable polymorph, the solid l solid transition occurring on heating and this form into the stable polymorph. cooling rate is Slower enable formation of the stable crystal on cooling. The two crystalline polymorphs were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. It concluded that different types of conformations are assumed by the individual molecules of 3AP in two crystalline forms. Amy J. Harshaw et.al.,(2003) Examined four polymorphic crystalline forms sulfathiazole exist in solvents used n-propanol, acetone/chloroform, water. These forms were characterized by using differential thermal calorimetry and solubility studies and these are recrystallizing under the various conditions as a function of temperature. The best polymorph formation was found in the hot water sample. Adam J. Matzger et.al., (2002) Developed new polymorph crystal structure of nabumetone. Energy differences gives weak forces, these weak forces play such an important role in the kinetic and thermodynamic stabilization of nabumetone polymorphs Judith Maria Rollinger et.al., (2002) Prepared three crystal forms of torasemide from various types of organic solvents. These forms Physicochemical properties were characterized by using thermoanalysis (hot-stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry), Fourier transform infra-red and Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffractometry. The hygroscopicity, relative stability, true density, and heat of solutions were determined. The dissolution behaviour of mod. I and II was investigated as a function of pH, temperature, and in addition to surfactants. S. Agatonovic-Kustrin et.al., (2001) Developed two polymorphic forms 1 and 2 of ranitidine HCl. This polymorphic purity of crystalline ranitidine HCl characterized by using solid-state techniques, diffuse reflectance FT-IR and XRPD were combined. The ranitidine HCl polymorphs and quantify the composition of binary mixtures of the two polymorphs clearly distinguished by DRIFTS combined with XRPD Successfully. A.R. Rajabi-Siahboomi et.al., (2001) Investigated crystal form of Ibuprofen was obtained from various solvents like methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and hexane. The crystal forms of ibuprofen were crystallized from methanol and ethanol gave polyhedral crystal habit, while hexane was given needlelike, isopropanol was shown elongated crystals. XPD and DSC studies results are these samples were structurally similar; the results shown that crystal habit modification of prepared crystals have a great influence on the mechanical properties (compressibility, flow rate, and bulk density) of obtained ibuprofen crystals. John Bauer et.al., (2001) Prepared Ritonavir polymorphs from various solvents characterized by using solid state spectroscopy and microscopy techniques, solid state NMR, NIR, PXRD and Single crystal X-ray. A strong hydrogen bonding network gives an unusual conformation for form II. Ritonavir was found to be exhibit two unique crystal lattices conformational polymorphism. Which are having different solubility properties. Although the polymorph (form II) belongs to the cis confirmations it is a more stable packing arrangement, nucleation. Changquan Sun and David J. W. Grant et.al., (2001) Reported bulk powders of sulfamerazine polymorph I and two different particle size of polymorph II , II(A) and II(B) were crystallized. The powders were compressed to form tablets whose porosity and tensile strength were measured and then analysed. The tabletability, follows this order, I >> II(A) > II(B) and the compressibility, follows the order, I Malamataris et.al., (2000) Prepared crystalline form of glibenclamide, with higher melting point (218 °C) and having lower solubility in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, these are changed by transitional phases by melting, cooling and reheating. The new form of glibenclamide was obtained from the glassy state, by applying sublimation temperature at 130-160 °C. New form of glibenclamide was characterized by DSC, FT-IR, SEM, hot-stage microscopy, PXRD and solubility studies. Yumiko Kobayashi et.al., (2000) Developed polymorphs of carbamazepine and studied pseudopolymorphs (form I, form III and dihydrate) dissolution behaviors and bioavailability. The solubilities of both anhydrates (form I and form III), evaluated from the initial dissolution rate profile of each anhydrates were 1.5-1.6 times dihydrate. Gamberini et.al., (2000) Prepared three different carbamazepine polymorphic forms. Polymorphism and pseudopolymorphism can give affect on bioavailability and effective clinical use. These prepared polymorphs characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, XRPD, DSC, Hot Stage FT-IR thermomicroscopy. The obtained three different polymorphic forms are anhydrous carbamazepine: Form III, the commercial one, Form I. Young-Taek Sohn et.al., (2000) Recognized physicochemical properties of drugs affected by the type of crystalline form of the drugs. Clarithromycin gave three polymorphic crystalline forms. New method involved to simple recrystallization of clarithromycin in different solvents like hexane, heptane or ethers, isopropyl ether. These polymorphs are compared by using DSC, XRPD with form II crystal prepared by conventional method. It indicated that improvement in the purity of the Clarithromycin polymorph form II crystal. Robert E. Dinnebier et.al., (2000) Detected three crystalline modifications (A, B, and C) and these crystal structures were characterized by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (pseudopolymorph C) and the method of simulated annealing from high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data and IR. Obtained crystal packing and the molecular conformation of telmisartan Demonstrating the medium-sized (MW  » 500) pharmaceutical compounds can now be solved quickly and routinely by using high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data. MartÄ ±nez-Oharriz et.al., (1999) Investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of diflunisal-PEG 4000 solid dispersions prepared by melting, solvent and melting-solvent methods. Solvents are chloroform, methanol and ethanol-water. The drug present in different polymorphic forms. The characterization of solid dispersions was performed by X-ray powder diffraction. In solid systems obtained by the solvent and melting solvent methods and the drug solidifies in form III in ethanol / water and methanol, while polymorph IV crystallized in chloroform. In conclusion it reveled that changes in diflunisal polymorphic forms occurred during the formation of solid dispersion. Polymorphic form of drug determined by drug polymer ratio and method of preparation. Shivakumar et.al., (1999) Prepared different types of crystal and paracetmol crystals and the effect of solvents on the crystallization were characterized by using FT-IR, DSC and Powder XRD patterns. The results indicate that crystals prepared from different types of solvents exhibited different physicochemical properties. Desired physicochemical properties of crystals may be obtained by selecting the different types solvents by depending on the solubility profile of drug. Y.E. Hammouda et.al., (1999) Reported sulphadiazine (SD) a suspension of the drug in a preselected solvent (5% aqueous ammonia solution) was stirred under controlled conditions. The solvent was subsequently removed and the material dried. The effect of experimental variables such as stirring speed and time, powder/ solvent ratio and inclusion of additives (Tween 80, sodium chloride and PVP) on the properties of solvent treated SD was assessed. Data obtained were compared with those for SD recrystallized under identical conditions. Solvent treatment of SD in the absence of additives resulted in a limited change in crystal morphology as indicated by SEM. This was associated with improved flowability and a limited reduction in dissolution rate relative to untreated SD. On the other hand, recrystallized SD exhibited superior flowability but a considerably low dissolution rate. Solvent treatment of SD in the presence of 2% PVP produced a microgranular directly compressible material. Monica Bartolomei et.al., (1999) Prepared two forms of propranolol HCl and investigated the crystallization conditions and the physicochemical properties of the two polymorphs I and I. these are characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy, PXRD, thermal analysis, solubility and dissolution studies. Their stability test was followed at room temperature over a period of 1 year time and using under different conditions of temperature, grinding and compression to verify the capacity to solid-solid transition and to study the existence range of the two forms. These obtained results shown that form I was having less thermodynamically stable and more soluble and dissolved faster than crystalline form II. Ranendra N. Saha, K.Venugopal, New, et. al., (2005) Developed for the estimation of Gatifloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations UV-spectrophotometric methods were used. Gatifloxacin was estimated at 286 nm in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 292 nm in 100 mM hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2). Linearity range was found to be 1-18 ÃŽÂ ¼g ml-1, in the phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and 1-14 ÃŽÂ ¼g ml-1 in hydrochloric acid medium (pH 1.2). These methods were tested and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines and USP. These methods were successfully estimated for the determination of Gatifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. Carolina B. Romanuk et.al., Reported two different types of polymorphic forms of new ciprofloxacin saccharinate. These two poymorphs were characterized and determine both polymorphic forms we used solid state techniques: powder X-ray diffraction, single crystal X-ray diffraction, Infrared and Solid State NMR. V. Agafonov et.al., (1991) Developed single crystals of two polymorphic and four solvated crystalline forms of spironolactone from different types solvents. All crystal forms except for the one obtained from methanol, morphology, symmetry, and crystallographic parameters were determined. The stability of crystals and transformation of each type of crystal were characterized by using DSC, TGA, and X-ray diffraction analysis. It conclude molecules of spironolactone in the three different types of lattices. Masato OHTA et.al., (1999) Investigated, heat of crystallization and heat of solution cefditoren pivoxil of different crystallinity were characterized by DSC and isothermal microcalorimetry, respectively. Cefditoren pivoxil heat of crystallization and heat of solution shown good linear correlation with the degree of crystallinity determined by Rulands method by using powder X-ray diffractogram. The crystallinity changes of amorphous cefditoren pivoxil by adsorption of alcohol vapor could be evaluated for small quantity of sample by using of heat of crystallization. microcalorimetry was used to found prediction of dissolution behavior. El-Sayed et.al., (1983) Developed four polymorphic forms of spironolactone. These crystal forms characterized by using melting point and aqueous solubility, IR, DTA, PXRD and powder dissolution. Prepared Crystals with ethyl acetate showed the lowest melting range and having highest dissolution, while prepared crystal from acetonitrile shown the highest melting range and shown low dissolution rate. Infrared spectra were not useful in clearly distinguishing between the different forms. DTA curves indicated that were different from the original form of the drug. X-ray patterns were different in intensities of radiation absorption and finally it confirming the presence of four different types of crystalline forms of spironolactone. Robert E. Dinnebier et.al., (2000) Investigated Three crystalline forms A, B, and C of telmisartan and their polymorphs crystal structures characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Explanation of the crystal packing and the molecular conformation of medium-sized (MW à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‹â€  500) pharmaceutical ingredients can now determined by high-resolution X-ray powder diffraction data. J.M. Delgado et.al., (2007) Prepared several polymorphs of oxytetracycline hydrochloride under different conditions by crystallization: different conditions are slow evaporation, rapid crystallization, and vapour diffusion in different types of solvents. The solvents are used included like water, ethanol, methanol, ether, ethyl acetate, toluene, dichloromethane and dioxane. The obtained different polymorphs products were characterized by X-Ray Powder Diffraction, NMR, FT-IR, and Thermal Analysis (TGA and DSC). Biserka Cetina-Cizmek et.al., (2003) Developed piroxicam benzoate Solid-state properties and Investigated. piroxicam benzoate Samples were prepared by recrystallization from different types organic solvents (toluene, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and acetone). Prepared samples were characterized by using FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM and XRPD. DSC, TGA and XRPD. These are confirmed that piroxicam benzoate crystallized in two types of pseudopolymorphic forms A and B. Pseudopolymorphic form A was obtained by recrystallization in ethanol and methanol by slow cooling at ambient temperature and by rapid cooling in an ice-cold bath. Pseudopolymorphic form B was obtained by recrystallization from toluene by slow cooling at room temperature and also from toluene by rapid cooling in an ice cold bath. Arvind K. Bansal et.al., (2003) Studied generation and characterization of various solid-state forms of celecoxib, The Celecoxib drug was subjected to polymorphic screen using various types of organic solvents to exhausts the possibility of existence of different solid forms. 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of N,N-Dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) gave solvates. Quench cooling of the melt resulted in amorphous form of the drug. All these solid-state forms were analszed by thermoanalytical (DSC, TGA, HSM), crystallographic (XRD), microscopic (polarized, SEM), spectroscopic (FTIR), and elemental analysis techniques. Morphology Influences on flow behavior of different solid-state forms was also investigated. Marcelo Antonio Oliveira et.al., (2010) Reported that the TGA and DSC are very useful for characterizing the drug and excipients stability. Verapamil hydrochloride shown thermal stability up to 180  °C and melts at 146  °C. Evaluated the Verapamil hydrochloride drug is compatible with all other excipients. The drug shown degradation when exposed to oxidizing conditions, that the degradation product resulting is 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid derived from the alkyl side chain oxidation. Alok Tripathi et.al., (2010) Developed ten crystalline polymorphic forms along with an amorphous form of Rabeprazole sodium. Polymorphism is gives solid physical properties they are influence on biological activity of drug, physiochemical properties of drug or substance industrial manufacturing method. Researchers attracted towards new polymorphic form of Rabeprazole sodium. Some polymorphic correlation parameters such as type of the solvent, , sequence of addition, temperature, volume of the solvent, rate of the agitation, pH of reaction mixture etc. showing effect on the polymorphism. Kalinkova et.al., (1996) Investigated polymorphism of azlocillin sodium. Results of infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (combined thermogravimetry and differential analysis) and scanning electron microscopy confirmed recrystallization of lyophilized azlocillin sodium from simple solvent acetonitrile causes polymorphic transformation. New polymorph obtained by crystalline form. C. Rodriguez-espinosa et.al., (1994) Investigated polymorphism crystal forms of I, II, and III forms and new crystal form (form IV ) of diflunisal and these forms characterized by using powder X-ray diffractometry, DSC, hot-stage microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and dissolution studies. The mutual transition behavior of the prepared polymorphs was determined and the melting points and melting enthalpies were charac

Medieval Castle Research Paper

As time went on castles became more and more advanced. Castles were first created in the 10th century in Normandy. The first types we re emote and bailey castles; these castles were surrounded by ditches often filled with water, moats, to defend the mounds. There often was a drawbridge to go over the moat and w alls around the castle itself. These walls were thick; some of them were up to 2030 feet thick, which helped defend the castle.The reason castles were built was that the people needed more space for the court of justice, the storehouse refuge, entertainment held there, their king a ND of course, a home. War was a big part of life in the Medieval Era, so castles were built in a ay to be hard to attack; however, most castles had the same tactic so they knew how to attack one another. There were three main ways to attack: starvation tactic, mining, and treachery.The s titration tactic was surround the castle they were attacking so that the people inside would e eventually have to 2 come out and fight or starve to death because there was no way out since the y were surrounded; the mining tactic was when the attacker would tunnel under the walls and set the ground on fire making the ground unstable and allowing the walls to fall, this was prevented by the moats most f the time; the last tactic, treachery, was basically a surprise attack on a bull arable area, a place that was not guarded so they had an easy attack.There were many ways to d fend a castle however, and the architecture was a huge way. The location was on a hill with wet ground caused from the moat, which also gave them easy escape; another architecture oral defense mechanism was the shape of the castle, they were mainly circular to avoid core nurse for the miners and they had many thick walls that were difficult to get through. Also they were e on a slope so if boulders were dropped they would fall down the hill. Sometimes they would I re attackers to a restricted area where they then controlled and killed them.Richard the Lionhearted had started one of the most formidable castles for his b rather Chateau Gaillardia, who did not even get to enjoy the castle due to death. It was then given to their other brother John who lost it in a siege. Richard the Lionhearted did not build al I of the popular castles though. Some of the most popular castles in this time were Babylon, Mycenae, and Troy. Babylon was believed to have 23 feet thick walls according to the writing on s mom of the fallen walls, Mycenae was a strong massive masonry which was prompted on a big hill, and Troy was lilt on top of nine cities making this castle one of the most historical ones.Life inside of a castle was very different than life is now; everything in the me devil era was different, however, the way they lived their lives compared to how people live their life now is very different It has definitely changed for the better. Children were treat d as useless until they were an adult. Normally, they were not even raised by their parents, they got shipped off to 3 somebody else to get raised.If a child was born into a poor family, they were often sold for one of two reasons: either the family needed money so they sold their child or the did not have enough money to afford their child's living expenses so they sold their kid. No matter if a child lived inside or outside of a castle, they were treated poorly and had little to no rights. Another similarity all children shared was getting baptized; in the medieval era, all chill drew got baptized because baptism apparently got rid of sin and evil from the child. Everybody g to baptized as a baby because they had to before death since this era was very catholic.Food and drink were two very important essentials in this time, as they are no w. Wine was the most valued drink. Back in the 1 10th 1 lath century people did not belie eve in aging the wine so the taste varied much from today's wine. Ale was probably the next p popular drink with Made following close behind. Made was made by fermenting honey and WA term which gave it a very sweet taste. Cider was made from apples and sometimes it was blended with pears, it has not changed very much, meaning it is similar to the cider many people drink n owe in 2014.There were different types bowfin and Claret was one of them; it was sweetened WI the honey and spices and when it was sweetened further it was called â€Å"Manley. † Punches, the last of the popular rinks, was rumored to help tooth decay, but has never been proved a valid p mint. Food was also very important, not only for surviving but also impressing. Inter jestingly, the most common food among everybody was bread. Of course the more MO nee one has the better his/ her product is. The best bread was made out of properly ground whole wheat and was served to the lord of the castle, it was so different it got its own special name † Munched. The most common bread, served to commoners, was made from rye; the poor pee pole or people who lived outside of the castle go bread that was made from peas or beans. Bread was so important to people that they also used it as a plate and called it a â€Å"trencher. † The normal meat they had was either cattle or sheep which were both â€Å"hunted† from their livestock. Along WI the the lack of real plates they also did not have forks; they had knives and spoons and used thee r hands for the rest. This meant that they not only had to wash their hands before their meal but a Iso after because they would be filthy from eating with them.Many people had their own gardens in which they grew fruits, vegetables, fool were, and herbs for two reasons: medical needs and food. They grew parsley, sage, chip SE, dill, marjoram, ND cumin all to cook with. Many of these herbs are still used to cook. They al so grew betony and chamomile and anise and chamomile to help or prevent medical issues. Be Tony and chamomile helped get rid of headaches and anise and chamomile helped flat lance. They grew leeks, cabbages, carrots, peas, turnips, onions, and parsnips which are all Vega eatables in their gardens.Some fruit trees and bushes that they grew included apple trees, plug m trees, pear trees, cherry trees, mulberry bushes, gooseberry bushes, strawberry bushes, and gar ape vines. Flowers were also used for cooking and medical purposes. Violets, primrose, and NASA radium were all used for cooking; whereas, honeysuckle, used as an nondiscriminatory, and chi restatement, used for colds and fevers, were used for medical purpose. In the 1 1 the century the castles were simple with the emote and bailey. They h ad timber frames and palisades evolved into substantial concentric castles by the 14th c entry.Major changes occurred with developing completely new castle designs. Locations, Concentric Castles Abroad, Access, and Defensive Architecture was the key points in the medieval I castles during the 14th century. A big component when d esigning the castle was the location of it within itself. In many 5 instances the site itself would determine and even limit the castle plans. The c castle called Bamberger Castle on the Northumberland coast was built on a very high group ND overlooking dunes and the North Sea. Due to the design and fortifications were built roar ND the pros and cons of the location.With the pros and cons of building on a very high hill is that the eye are usually not evenly topped off so sometimes they would be built very high up on one end with Others just reinforced. An example of how castles were denied building construction was if they were rocky topped or any chance of any sliding. The castle in North Wales where the plan s were restricted by the rocky outcrop it was built on and led to a design which has been com eared to an hour class where if would eventually just drop and run out of support. With that bee Eng said the castle buildings were very difficult to construct.The concentric castles were a type of defense which was seen during the crud dads in Spain and of course Cornerstone in France. The earliest Of this type was said t o probably be the Land Wall in Constantinople which was built around the 5th century. The con enteric castle had three distinct walls each one becoming progressively larger. The biggest door on the castle was the entrances usually a drawbridge for MO SST. Even though it was the biggest it had its cons. They go back to the very early age buy t recognized as their weakest spot.With that being said they had to encompass surrounding buildings and allow for space to accept refugees from neigh pouring towns that created the need f or concentric castles with walls getting progressively smaller. One thing that you would expect from Castles would be the size and with size comes defense. A big building usually has a lot of options of weapons for attacking a ND playing the offensive part in a battle. Well the defensive architecture covers drawbridges, s piral staircases, 6 killing grounds, machinations and loopholes or nurseries to name but a fee w.The defensive objects were enabling people to work with them and advance them in many ways into the 1 5th century and were largely common wherever the castle was built. In the medieval times people made their own entertainment. They had to beck cause back then they didn't have anything like we do today. The entertainment we use to daddy take for granted and simply had not been invented back then. † In medieval times that is the four entities from William the Conqueror through to the age of the printing pres s entertainment was a very popular and necessary part of people's lives.We take a look at me devil entertainment in the 14th century the era most commonly associated in Poe plea's minds with the word ‘medieval' as it was the time of knights, jousts, chivalry and the crusades ( Medieval Entertainment Medieval Games, Gambling, Recreation†¦ ) In total there are eight mai n Crusades and a number of smaller ones. By the e ND of the 1 lath century political conditions were stable across Europe. Pilgrimages to Jeer Salem were fairly moon and the Catholic Church had responsibility for maintaining the holy places.At the end of the 1 lath century, Alexis Comments instigated the first Crusade in response e to local chieftains with in the middle east fighting amongst themselves and endangering the pill rims in the process. Crusades rarely ever achieved their military objectives but the impact that the y had on medieval society was profound. 350 years they stimulated trade. With all the Crusades that had happened out of the 5 not including the later o ones the third crusade was probably the most efficient. After the fall Of Acre the crusaders marched along the coast to Gaff the coast Richard still fail to capture Jerusalem.The Crusade end De with a threaten truce with Salad's. The first significant military success was when they took the town 7 of Acre. This military action was driven by Richard the lion heart. One of his gar tastes success was that Philip Augustus sailed back to France where he plotted with John, Rice hardy's brother. The direct outcome was the building of Chateau Gaillardia. Response to Salad's ‘s capture of Jerusalem the two other notable leaders were Philip Augustus of France and redbrick Barbarous who enjoy the title of King of Germany as well as that of the holy Roman Emperor.Medieval history including medieval life and medieval castles can sometimes be better understood if we know the rulers in power at the time. The Norman ruled of r almost 1 00 years but the Pleasantness that followed were in power for almost 250 years. With everything about Medieval Castles there is so much more that couldn't b e talked about but with a little research you can find out just as much. The crusaders g o into depth within after the 1 lath century along with the 14th century. The advancement of weep ions during the time would be unthinkable during that era and goes along to say with the defensive tactic.The construction of the buildings are still used today in some cases of houses. If y oh take the era of the medieval castle and compare to modern day some things we adopted fro m the centuries or those. The weapons they used along with the building techniques are very ad Vance for their time period. The history goes way back even before they had the thought of build Eng up castles for a way of life to contain their people it's amazing from before that time when so none owned property how easy it was to overpower them and take their village as to be in the 1 lath century having a army to protect your goods.The legendary heroes are something the medieval times took very serious including Robin Hood who was a character but before that was al so a very popular name during the 13th century. It was said to be Robin Hood was portrayed as living during the time when King Richard I was away on 3rd Crusade. The Ro bin Hood was some none like modern 8 day super heroes the people depended on Robin Hood when the King was go en because there was no one in rule to stop some of the crime going on during the time. People were getting away with stealing and the higher power were involved with it. The education of Or bin Hood has it's own background.